Natural Bridges National Monument

Listen carefully while you stand at the rim above Horsecollar Ruin. Can you hear voices in the wind? Listen for the rhythmic grinding of mano on metate as corn is turned to flour. Turkeys cackle in a pen while dogs bark. Children laugh as they play among the rocks. The soft song of a potter at work is interrupted by the shouts of a returning hunting party carrying a bighorn sheep. The sharp pecking sound you hear may be an artist or shaman carving a new petroglyph.

In 1904 the bridges were known by different names. Owachomo, Sipapu, and Kachina had been named, respectively, Edwin, Augusta, and Caroline, after early explorers or their relatives. In 1909 President William Howard Taft enlarged the boundaries and affixed the Indian names, which are Hopi. They are not the names of the Paiute or Navajo Indians who lived near here in historic times. The Paiutes had no names for individual bridges, but called them all "Ma-Vah-Talk-Tump," meaning "under the horse's belly." The names were probably chosen from the Hopi, rather than the Navajo, because the Hopi were found living in structures similar to the prehistoric cliff dwellings of the Anasazi culture found in the park. Owachomo, meaning "rock mounds," is named for the large rounded rock mass found near the mesa. Sipapu, means "the place of emergence" in Hopi Indian legends. Prehistoric pictographs found here resembled kachinas, dancers, and so the youngest bridge got its name.

Prehistoric Indian populations occupied this part of Utah from about 2,000 to 650 years ago. There is evidence that the park area was used extensively by these early peoples. But both White and Armstrong Canyons were too narrow to support the farming activities of many families at a time. (If you come across ruins, do not enter or disturb them. They are important, irreplaceable records of Indian lifeways.) These peoples were Mesa Verdean Anasazi, whose culture is best exemplified at Mesa Verde in Colorado.

Migrations: A Hopi Perspective
"The Hopi today live on or near three mesas in Northeastern Arizona. In the past they lived other places as well. Their history is a story of many migrations—the movements of clans and villages. The ancestors of the Hopi, called Hisatsinom, once inhabited many parts of the American Southwest including the Natural Bridges area. Archaeologists often refer to them as Anasazi. Throughout their migrations the Hisatsinom clans left markers (pictographs and petroglyphs) to show where they had been. Often they left artifacts from special religious societies in place and markings on walls to indicate that particular ceremonies had been performed before the people left. Religious society leaders gave permission for such sacred symbols to be put on the walls. These images make up much of the 'prehistoric' rock art now enjoyed by visitors to the Southwest." -Mr. Walter Hamana, Hopi Elder, visit to Natural Bridges rock art sites, 1992

Migrations: An Archaeological Perspective
Archaeologists believe that the ancestral Puebloans occupied this area during three distinct periods. Between these occupations were periods of 200 hundred to 300 years when few people, if any, lived here. Were these the migrations Mr. Hamana refers to?

While hunters and gatherers may have passed this way earlier, settlement first occurred during this period. Corn was farmed, but wild plants and game made up more of the diet. The bow, arrows, and pottery were not made yet, but spears and baskets were. Homes were small slab lined "pithouses."

A.D. 650-725
After 250 years of abandonment, people returned to Cedar Mesa. They brought beans, and pottery to cook them in. The cultivation of beans enriched the soil with nitrogen that growing corn had depleted. The bow and arrow appeared at this time. Larger homes of connected rooms above ground replaced pithouses as populations grew.

Three hundred years after their ancestors left, the farmers returned. They built homes of sandstone masonry or mud-packed sticks, both on the mesa tops and in alcoves in the cliffs. South-facing caves provided passive solar heating and cooling. They often chose these sites near seep springs where water could be found. The last canyon dwellers left about A.D. 1270.

Connections and Abandonment
Styles of masonry, ceramic decoration and other artifacts suggest that the people here were related to those of the Mesa Verde region to the east. Influences are clearly evident from the Kayenta region to the southwest and the Fremont culture to the north. Like these people, the inhabitants of Cedar Mesa left this area for the last time around A.D. 1270.

Theories and speculation surround this great abandonment. Some would suggest that raiding nomads forced the ancestral Puebloans first into the cliffs for defense, then out of the region entirely. Little evidence is found to support this theory and it is believed that groups like the Navajo, Apache, Ute, and Paiute did not arrive until well after the abandonment. Another theory suggests that the people had overused the fragile soil and timber resources. This would have caused increased erosion and reduction in crops, wild game, and water supplies. Still others believe that the people simply reached the end of their migrations when they arrived where their descendants, the Hopi, Zuni, and Rio Grande Pueblo peoples live today.

Protection—Why? How?
These places are critically important to all of us. Mr. Hamana and others have their roots here. Hundreds of years of their history is written on the stone walls of these canyons. We frequently see these ruins and rock art only as curiosities, but perhaps they can teach us about our history and our future.

It is easy to distance ourselves from the ancestral Puebloans through time and technology. After all, what can we learn from a "primitive" culture such as theirs? Quite simply, they were people with the same basic needs as people today. They faced hunger, population growth, technological change, disease, floods, drought, and war. We face many of the same problems hundreds of years later: hunger, exponential population growth, rapid technological change, diseases from cancer to AIDS, and wars fought over scarce resources, religious differences, and skin color. Our "advanced" culture has much to learn from the successes and failures of those who dealt with similar problems in the "primitive" past.

Archaeological sites are extremely fragile; they often hold spiritual significance for Native Americans, and their scientific value depends on artifacts remaining exactly where they are. All of these sites are protected by strictly enforced federal and state laws, notably the Antiquities Act of 1906 and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) of 1979. These laws provide substantial fines and jail terms for site damage or the removal of even one small artifact such as a piece of pottery or part of an arrowhead.

Remember, if an artifact is taken or rock art defaced, no fine or jail term can replace or repair it... its spiritual, scientific, and educational value are lost to all of us forever.

If you find an archaeological site, observe the following:

Don't touch rock art. Skin oils will destroy it over time. Don't chalk or make rubbings of rock art.

• Don't enter rooms or sit, stand, or lean on walls. Most are not stabilized. Enjoy from a distance.
  
• Leave everything exactly as you found it. Interesting artifacts should be left and reported to rangers.
  
• Watch children and other visitors, and tactfully explain these rules if they seem unaware of them.
  
• Leave each place as you would like to find it—your children will thank you.